The Dangers Of BPA In Cans Of Baby Formula

Liquid infant formula from the top manufacturers is sold in cans lined with a toxic chemical linked to reproductive disorders and neurobehavioral problems in laboratory animals, according to an investigation by Environmental Working Group (EWG). The chemical is almost as common in the packaging of powdered formula, with 4 of the top 5 companies acknowledging its use.

The chemical is bisphenol A, or BPA, a component of the plastic epoxy resins used to line metal food cans. Dozens of laboratory studies show that BPA affects the developing brain and reproductive systems of animals exposed to low doses during pregnancy and early life. BPA has recently raised concerns from 2 separate expert panels of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with 1 group of scientists warning that human exposures to BPA are already at or above the levels that harm animals and another expressing concern about impacts of BPA on infants' brains and behavior.

In October and November 2007, Environmental Working Group surveyed the 5 leading makers of baby formula sold in the U.S. to determine whether they use BPA in their packaging. We found:

• The makers of Nestle, Similac, Enfamil and PBM (who make store-brand formulas sold at WalMart, Target, Kroger and dozens of other retailers) all said that they use BPA in the linings of metal cans holding liquid formula.
• BPA is widely used in powdered formula containers as well. Every manufacturer except Nestlé said it uses a BPA-based lining on the metal portions of their powdered formula cans. Nestlé failed to provide EWG with reliable documentation of their alternative packaging, and thus is not a clear improvement over other types.
• Powdered formulas are a better choice. Our calculations indicate that babies fed reconstituted powdered formula likely receive 8 to 20 times less BPA than those fed liquid formula from a metal can.

Liquid formula is of greatest concern, and its use could lead to high BPA exposures for babies. Recent studies documenting that BPA leaches out of plastic baby bottles prompted a run on glass bottles by concerned parents. But testing by EWG and by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indicates that under normal use, liquid formula itself could expose an infant to substantially more BPA than a plastic bottle.

The safest choice is clear: Breastfeed your baby whenever possible.

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for babies. It contains essential fatty acids that help bolster babies’ bodies against the impacts of toxic chemicals. However, there are many reasons why families rely on formula for some or all of their baby’s diet. Seventy percent of babies in the U.S. receive some formula by the time they are 3 months old. These babies need a safe and healthy source of food, and formula should be manufactured in a way that avoids contamination with harmful chemicals.

If your child is fed infant formula, you can reduce BPA exposure by choosing powdered formula.

Nestlé, makers of Good Start and Mam brands, repeatedly told EWG researchers that its powdered formula cans contain no BPA. Nestlé's emails to parents repeat this claim, but the company has failed to document this in writing or provide information on their alternative to EWG, despite our numerous requests to the company. In any case, EWG cannot recommend Nestlé baby formula due to the company's long history of ethically suspect infant formula marketing practices in the developing world. Nestlé's claim that it uses BPA-free packaging, if true, would be welcome news, because it suggests that other manufacturers could switch to safer packaging materials and reduce babies' BPA exposures.

Powdered formula sold by Enfamil and Similac are reduced-risk choices, because only the metal tops and bottoms of their packages – not the cardboard sides – are metal and lined with BPA-based plastic. Earth's Best Organic and PBM (which make dozens of store brands) are more of a concern: they are sold in an entirely metal can, which means the formula has more contact with a BPA-coated surface.

If you must choose liquid formula, look for types sold in plastic containers or purchase concentrated – not ready-to-eat – types.

If you buy liquid formulas, look for those sold in plastic containers. If you must use liquid formula sold in metal cans, choose concentrated rather than ready-to-eat formula. Both FDA and EWG have tested samples of liquid formula sold in cans and found BPA in every company’s formula. Choosing a formula that requires dilution with water reduces the amount of BPA in your baby’s diet.

If you don’t know whether your brand is packaged with BPA, ask – and demand a straight answer.

During our initial calls to formula manufacturers, we asked company representatives if their packaging contains BPA, if they test for BPA levels in their products, and if they would disclose their test results to EWG. Many of the companies had a prepared response – “We comply with all FDA regulations regarding BPA and formula” – so it was clear that concerned parents are asking about BPA in formula. We later sent an email, without mentioning EWG, to see whether the information they gave to parents was consistent with what they told us.

PBM, the manufacturer of store brands, told EWG researchers their containers have a BPA lining. However, PBM later sent an EWG staff member an email stating that their packaging contains no BPA. These conflicting claims raise serious doubts about the credibility of PBM’s consumer information on BPA.

Nestlé tells parents on the phone and by email that their powdered formulas have no contact with BPA. They repeatedly told EWG researchers the same thing over the phone, but failed to put their claims in writing, making it difficult to determine if Nestlé is really a better option for babies.

Ross-Abbot, the makers of Similac, is the only company that told us they tested for BPA in their products, and that they detected none. However, both EWG and the Food and Drug Administration have found BPA in Similac cans, raising questions about either Ross-Abbot’s candor or the sensitivity of their testing methods.

source from http://www.ewg.org

Controversial Chemical Found In Liquid Baby Formula

Thu, Dec 6, 2007 (HealthDay) — A potentially cancer-causing chemical called bisphenol A is in the lining of most cans of liquid baby formula and the chemical often leaches into the formula at levels that are dangerous for babies, says the Washington, D.C.-based Environmental Working Group.

The group recommended that parents avoid liquid baby formula and use powder formula instead until companies line baby formula cans with bisophenol-free resin, the Toronto Star reported.

"Because they eat so much relative to their small size, their exposure is intense," said Sonya Lunder, the group's leader researcher on bisphenol A. "We can't use endocrine-disrupting chemicals in a baby's first food. The formula companies need to take action."

Liquid baby formula in cans is safe and parents shouldn't be concerned, said an association that represents major formula manufacturers, the Star reported.

However, more than 100 independent studies have shown that small doses of the chemical can cause developmental problems, cancer, obesity and early puberty, the Star reported.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

Supplementing With Formula

Is it okay to supplement my breastfed baby's diet with formula?
Yes, it's perfectly safe to supplement a breastfed baby's diet with formula. Some moms decide to supplement with formula when they go back to work. They may have trouble pumping regularly, but they don't want to give up nursing altogether. Others supplement because their baby isn't getting enough breast milk to grow properly. And many moms just want the freedom to let a family member or babysitter give an occasional bottle.

Whatever your reasons for supplementing, keep in mind that some breast milk is always better than none, so the longer you can nurse your baby, even if it's just once or twice a day, the better. That's because even though formula provides all the nutrients that your baby needs, it lacks unique immune factors that can protect your baby from some illnesses.

Remember that your supply of breast milk depends on your baby's demand for it, so the less frequently you nurse, the less milk your breasts will produce. If you start supplementing with formula regularly, even for just one feeding a day, your milk supply will decrease (at least until you reinstate the missed feeding). On the other hand, if you supplement with one or two bottles a week, the effect on your milk supply should be minimal.

How do I know whether my baby's getting enough breast milk?
Many mothers worry that they're not producing enough milk for their babies, but most women make plenty of milk. Here are three ways you can tell whether your baby's getting enough:

• A baby under 1 month old who's nursing well will have frequent mustard-yellow stools. Some babies have one after every feeding. Your baby will also have six to eight wet diapers a day if he's getting enough breast milk.

• Your baby's gaining an average of an ounce a day during the first three months and half an ounce a day between 3 and 6 months.

• You're nursing often, at least seven times every 24 hours (during your baby's first month, you should nurse even more, at least eight to 12 times per day). Even if your baby wants to nurse all the time, that doesn't necessarily mean he's hungry. Some babies nurse for comfort, have a strong urge to suck, or simply crave contact with their mother.

What are some signs that my baby needs supplemental formula for growth?
You should talk to your baby's doctor if you have any concerns about your baby's weight gain, growth, or eating habits. Here are some symptoms that warrant a call:

• More than normal weight loss in a newborn. Babies lose between 5 and 10 percent of their birth weight during the first five days of life. By day five, they start to gain about an ounce a day and by 2 weeks they should be back up to their birth weight.

• Fewer than six wet diapers in a 24-hour period once your baby is 5 days old.

• Fussiness or lethargy most of the time.

• Your breasts don't feel soft or empty after nursing, which could be a sign that your baby isn't taking in enough milk.

When can I start supplementing with formula?
If your baby's a newborn, you should probably wait until he's at least a month old before you introduce formula. Lactation consultants recommend that you wait this long to allow your breastfeeding routine and your milk supply to become well established, so an occasional bottle won't disrupt the routine too much. At this age most babies aren't completely reluctant to try a bottle or a new food source. If your baby is over a month old, you can offer formula at any time.

What's the best way to start supplementing?
Unfortunately there's no perfect way to start supplementing. Some babies will just go with the flow and, if they're hungry, take whatever you give them. Others may refuse a bottle the first few times it's offered, especially if you're the one offering it. That's because your baby can smell you and would probably prefer the real thing. If your baby is used to taking a bottle of breast milk, the transition may be a bit easier, though he may turn up his nose at what's in the bottle.

To make this transition smoother, let your partner or a friend offer the first few bottles. You might also try giving the bottle when your baby is hungry rather than at a feeding when he might be nursing as much for comfort as for nourishment. Don't try a bottle for the first time when your baby is so hungry that he's crying, though. He'll be too frustrated to try something new.

Can I mix breast milk and formula in one bottle?
Lactation consultants say it's better not to mix breast milk with formula because you may end up wasting that hard-earned breast milk if your baby doesn't finish the bottle. Instead, feed your baby the pumped breast milk first, and if he still seems hungry, offer a new bottle with formula.

How will supplementing with formula affect my baby?
If you start supplementing regularly, your baby might start refusing the breast. A bottle delivers milk faster than a breast, so if your baby's an enthusiastic eater, he might prefer the bottle's quick delivery system. You might also notice that your baby's willing to go a little bit longer after a meal of formula. That's because babies don't digest formula as quickly as they digest breast milk, so they're likely to feel full longer.

Your baby's bowel movements will be markedly different once he's drinking some formula. They'll be firmer than they were when he was drinking only breast milk, about the consistency of peanut butter. They'll be a tan or brown color, have a strong odor, and probably be less frequent than when he was drinking only breast milk.

You may find that your baby goes a few days between bowel movements because there's more protein in formula, which slows down the digestive system. If your baby's vomit or stool contains spots of blood after you introduce formula, call your baby's doctor. This is a sign of milk intolerance.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

How To Tell How Much Formula Your Baby Needs

How much formula you should give your baby depends on his age, weight, and whether you're feeding him only formula or using it in combination with breast milk or solids. But here are some guidelines you might find helpful:

Take your baby's cues
The most important guideline is your baby's behavior. Babies will eat when they're hungry and stop when they're full. Don't expect a newborn — or any baby, for that matter — to follow a schedule or mathematical rule.

Needs and appetites vary with each baby, and most babies change from day to day and month to month. The important thing is that you learn to read your baby’s cues.

While it might seem easy to respond to your baby's every need with a bottle, for example, you'll want to make sure that he isn't crying for some other reason. If your baby's hungry, he might show signs like lip smacking, rooting (turning his head toward your hand when you stroke his cheek), and putting his hands to his mouth. You'll develop a sense that your baby wants more than you're giving him when he finishes the feeding quickly and looks around for more. (If your baby seems hungry after his initial bottle, prepare just an ounce more at a time, because if you make a larger amount, he may not finish it and it'll go to waste.)

Multiply your baby's weight times 2.5 ounces
If your baby isn't eating any solids (as he shouldn't before 4 to 6 months of age), the general rule of thumb is to offer him 2.5 ounces of formula per pound of body weight each day. So if your baby weighs 6 pounds, you'll give him about 15 ounces of formula in a 24-hour period. If he weighs 10 pounds, he should drink 25 ounces in a 24-hour period.

Consider your baby's age
How much formula your baby needs depends not only on his weight but also on his age. If you're starting a newborn on formula, try giving him only an ounce or two at each feeding for the first week. Let his hunger guide you.

By the time he's about 1 month old, he'll probably be up to 3 or 4 ounces at each feeding and will consume 18 to 32 ounces in one day. From the age of 2 months to 6 months, you should be feeding your baby 4 to 6 ounces at a feeding, and he'll take in 23 to 32 ounces a day. (Some parents find that an increase of about one ounce per month works out about right.)

Once your baby reaches 6 months, you can feed him 6 to 8 ounces at a feeding, up to around 32 ounces of formula per day. At this point you should start adding solid foods to his diet, if you haven't already. You'll find that as your baby gets older, he will drink fewer bottles with more formula.

If you're worried that your baby isn't eating enough, take a look at his weight gain and talk with his doctor. She can tell you whether your baby's intake is appropriate for his size and age, and advise you about changes you should make to adapt to your baby's individual needs.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

From Formula To Cow's Milk: Making The Transition

Why do experts recommend waiting to introduce cow's milk until a baby is 12 months old?

There are several reasons to delay the introduction of cow's milk until your baby reaches his first birthday. Most important, a baby's digestive system can't digest cow's milk proteins. Cow's milk also has too much sodium, potassium, and chloride, which can tax your baby's kidneys.

Even if his system could handle it, cow's milk doesn't have all the vitamins and minerals (especially vitamin E, zinc, and iron) that he needs for growth and development in his first year. Giving a baby cow's milk could even cause iron deficiency and internal bleeding. And it can increase his risk of an allergic reaction.

Once your baby's digestive system is ready to digest it, though, milk becomes a powerful ally. A great source of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and magnesium, milk will build your toddler's bones and teeth and help his body regulate his blood coagulation and muscle control. Almost all milk is fortified with vitamin D, which helps the body absorb the calcium it needs.

Milk also provides protein for growth, as well as carbohydrates, which will give your child the energy he needs to toddle all day! And if your child gets enough calcium from the get-go, there's evidence that he'll have a lower risk of high blood pressure, stroke, colon cancer, and hip fractures later in life.

My toddler doesn't seem to want to make the transition to cow's milk. Any tricks I can try?
Some toddlers greedily gulp whole cow's milk right off the bat. But because milk has a different texture, taste, and even temperature than breast milk or formula, some kids are hesitant to make the switch. If that's the case for your toddler, try mixing whole milk with some breast milk or formula at first (say, one part whole milk and three parts of his usual stuff). Then slowly shift the ratio until he's drinking 100 percent whole milk.

You might also try giving him just a little bit of whole milk at a time — a few tablespoons as a treat — until he asks for more. Or mix it with some cereal. And remember, just because your toddler is drinking his own milk from a cup now doesn't mean that you need to stop nursing him. Just make sure that breast milk isn't his primary source of nourishment. He's grown to where he needs more.

How much milk should my toddler drink?
Your 1- to 2-year-old child should drink 16 to 24 ounces of whole milk a day. While you'll most likely have to work to make sure that he meets the requirement, keep in mind that it is possible for him to drink too much milk.

If your child drinks more than two to three glasses of milk during the day, he may not have room at dinner for the other foods that he needs to round out his diet. (He needs plenty of iron-rich foods like leafy green vegetables and meat, for example, because milk, unlike formula, does not contain iron.) So if your toddler's thirsty, get him in the habit of drinking water throughout the day, too.

Can I give my toddler fat-free or reduced-fat milk?
Not yet. While we adults strive to eat and drink lower-fat versions of our favorite foods, it's important that you start your child out with whole milk, not lower-fat varieties.

That's because he needs the higher fat and caloric content for his growth and development right now. In fact, for children under 2 years old, fats should make up about half of the total caloric intake for the day. Once your child has another birthday — and he doesn't have any growth problems — you may decide to start switching to reduced-fat milk.

What if he's made the transition but just doesn't like milk?
Meeting the minimum requirement of 16 oz. can be a challenge if your child doesn't care for milk. While chocolate milk does add sugar to your child's diet, it has the same amount of calcium and other important vitamins and minerals as plain milk. Better yet, try a powdered flavoring — just a small amount will provide less sugar than preflavored milks. Some varieties (like Ovaltine) contain added vitamins and minerals, too.

Keep in mind that there are many ways to sneak some milk into your child's diet. Serve him puddings, custards, and shakes for snacks. Make his soup with milk rather than water, and add a milk-based sauce or gravy to casseroles.

What if he absolutely refuses? Or if we're vegans?
If your child won't let a drop of milk cross his lips or he can't tolerate it because of an allergy or your family is vegan, you'll want to be very conscientious about making sure he gets all the calories, protein, calcium, vitamin D, and other vitamins and minerals he needs. Your child's doctor or a nutritionist can help. So might these tips:

Some plant foods, like dark green leafy vegetables, broccoli, blackstrap molasses, and brussels sprouts, contain calcium. So do pinto beans, figs, tofu made with calcium, and calcium-fortified fruit juice. These foods don't provide all of the vitamins found in milk, though. They contain no vitamin D, for example, so if your child doesn't drink milk, you'll want to make sure that his multivitamin contains 100 percent of the vitamin D he needs. Also keep in mind that these are not easy substitutions — it takes 4 cups of broccoli to provide the same amount of calcium as 1 cup of milk, for instance.

Some cereals are fortified with vitamin D. Check the labels.

Soy milk can substitute for cow's milk, but check the labels because not all varieties have the same nutritional value. Some are fortified with vitamin D, vitamin A, and/or calcium, while others aren't. The amount of calcium and other nutrients can also vary, so look for those that have the greatest nutritional value.

Yogurt is a great food for those who shun milk or are lactose intolerant. It has the same amount of protein and calcium as milk, but contains much less lactose, so most people who are lactose intolerant can tolerate yogurt. (Note that being lactose intolerant and allergic to milk protein are not the same thing.) Yogurt also contains bacteria that's healthy for the intestines.

Should I buy organic or hormone-free milk for my child?
While there's no conclusive evidence that these kinds of milk are better for children, if you have access to organic or hormone-free milk, you may want to consider the option. Some parents are willing to pay the significantly higher price for milk that's as pure as possible. Read up on growth hormones in milk and organic foods to help you make a decision.

I'm worried about milk allergies. Can I give my toddler soy or rice milk instead of cow's milk?
True allergies to cow's milk are relatively uncommon — only 2 to 3 percent of children are allergic to milk, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and 95 percent of them outgrow it by age 3.

If your child drank cow's-milk-based formula as a baby without any problems, you can rest easy that he'll have no problems tolerating regular cow's milk. Even babies who were exclusively breastfed for the first year can usually handle regular cow's milk because they've been exposed to cow's milk protein in their mother's milk (unless their mothers avoided all dairy).

If your child drank soy formula because your doctor recommended it, though, check with your doctor before starting him on cow's milk. She may recommend that you start with a soy beverage that's been fortified with vitamin D and calcium. A follow-up formula, made for toddlers, can also be a good choice. Rice milk, on the other hand, is not a good choice for toddlers because it's usually low in protein, calcium, and B vitamins.

Still, it never hurts to arm yourself with information. The main symptoms of milk allergy are blood in the stool, diarrhea, and vomiting. If your child also develops eczema, hives, a rash around the mouth and chin, chronic nasal stuffiness, a runny nose, cough, wheezing, or breathing difficulties, it could be a sign that the respiratory system is being affected by a milk allergy. If your toddler develops any of these symptoms, talk with his doctor.

If it turns out that your toddler is allergic to cow's milk, you'll want to be careful to avoid foods such as cottage cheese, condensed and evaporated milks, ice cream, yogurt, margarine, milk chocolate, and powdered milk. And read labels for sources of cow's milk protein, like casein and whey.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

Formula Safety: How to Prevent Food-borne Illnesses

Why is there so much fuss about correctly preparing and storing baby formula?
Preparing baby formula isn't hard, but it's important to mix it in the proper ratio of formula to water to make sure that your baby is getting just the right amount of nutrients. Also, because your baby doesn't have much immunity to germs just yet, especially as a newborn, it's important to take precautions to protect him from food-borne illnesses. Here's what you need to know.

Check the expiration date
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant formula manufacturers analyze each batch of formula to determine nutrient levels and safety, and stamp a "use-by" date on every container — just like the date found on milk, eggs, poultry, and other perishables. It may be tempting to grab a can and run when you're shopping with a fussy baby, but taking a few seconds to check the use-by date will help assure safety and quality.

Also make sure that the can isn't dented. When a can is dented, the inside tin layer might be cracked, which allows the liquid to come in contact with the steel, potentially causing rust and even a hole that could allow the contents to spoil.

To save money, you may want to buy in bulk. But before you stock up, figure out how much formula you'll be able to use before the formula expires. Some of the vitamins and other nutrients found in formula degrade over time, so your baby may not get the nourishment he needs from expired formula. If you do end up with formula past its use-by date, return it to the store and request a fresh container. Most formula makers allow retailers to return unopened containers of expired formula for free replacement.

Keep formula cool but not frozen
Heat and cold can degrade the ingredients and the nutrients in formula, so keep unopened liquid and powdered formula in a cool place. Choose a cabinet or a shelf that's away from a stove, oven, heating ducts, or hot water pipes. The optimum storage temperature is between 55 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit, but make certain that it stays below 95 degrees and above freezing, or 32 degrees. Don't leave cans in direct sunlight, and don't put them in the freezer, either.

Once you open a can of liquid formula, follow the directions on the can for storage. Most suggest storing in the can, covered, for 24 to 48 hours. It's best not to put powdered formula in the refrigerator or another damp place, because the humidity can cause the powder to clump.

Follow this five-step checklist when preparing formula
1. Wash your equipment well.
Some experts suggest sanitizing all bottles, nipples, measuring cups, spoons, and rings, and others say there's no need unless the safety of the water in your area is questionable. Still others advise sterilizing feeding supplies if your baby is younger than 3 months old. At any rate, you'll want to wash all of your bottle supplies in hot soapy water and rinse well. Better yet, run them through the dishwasher. It's a good idea to do this right after feedings so that the formula doesn't have a chance to stick to the sides and crevices of the bottle.

Bottle and nipple brushes are inexpensive and very handy, as are dishwasher-safe plastic baskets specially designed to hold bottle-feeding supplies. If you choose to sanitize, simply place the supplies in boiling water for about five minutes. You can also find commercial sterilizers to do the job. Let the bottles and supplies air dry on a drying rack, or dry with a paper towel if you need them right away. (Avoid dish towels because they can harbor bacteria.) Fill bottles with formula, refrigerate, and use within 24 hours.

If you're using sample nipples that you were given at the hospital or doctor's office, they come in sterilized packages and are meant to be used directly out of the package and then disposed of after one use. When you purchase new bottles and supplies, wash and sterilize them before using them for the first time, even if you don't continue to sterilize them.

2. Wash the top of the formula can before opening it.
This helps remove dust or liquids that may have spilled on it. You may want to designate a separate can opener for formula, and wash it well between uses.

3. Wash your hands well.
Before preparing formula, wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds. Dry your hands with a paper towel.

4. Follow the preparation directions on the container exactly.
Since mixing instructions vary by manufacturer, and the water-to-formula ratio depends on whether the formula is powder or liquid, read the label carefully. Adding too little water can tax your baby's kidneys and cause dehydration, while adding too much water will deprive your baby of the calories and nutrients he needs, which can cause stunted growth and failure to thrive. For better accuracy, you may want to use a standard measuring cup instead of the lines on your baby's bottle.

5. Use sterilized water.
If you're using powdered or liquid concentrate formula, it's best to mix it with water that's been sterilized by boiling, especially during the first few months. Simply place cold water in a pan and boil for one minute. (Boiling for an extended time can concentrate minerals and impurities like lead in the water.)

Note that bottled water isn't necessarily sterile, and neither is water that's been run through a filter. In fact, filters — in pitchers or on faucets — that aren't changed often enough can harbor bacteria. You can buy sterilized bottled water, but make sure the label specifies that.

You might also talk with your healthcare provider about the water quality in your area and ask her whether she thinks it's necessary to boil the water for your baby's formula, since water quality varies.

Only mix what you can use within 24 hours, and toss any leftovers
Based on how much formula your baby needs, mix only what you think you'll use in the next 24 hours. Once you've mixed powdered or liquid concentrate formula, refrigerate it immediately, don't let it cool outside the refrigerator first, and use it within 24 hours.

Follow the storage directions on the can of liquid formula once you open it. Some companies recommend covering the can and using the remaining formula within 24 hours; others suggest using it within 48 hours.

If your baby doesn't finish a bottle of formula within one hour, toss out the remainder. Bacteria from his mouth can seep into the bottle, contaminate the formula, and make your baby sick if he drinks it later.

Tip: To prevent waste and save time, mix a large batch of formula in the morning and divide it into bottles of 3 or 4 ounces that you can refrigerate and use throughout the day.

Keep it cool
Room temperature is the perfect climate for breeding germs in milk, so feed warmed formula to your baby right away, don't heat it up ahead of time, and toss any formula that has been sitting at room temperature for an hour or more. If you're taking your baby's bottle "to go," store it in an insulated lunch pack, ideally with an ice pack.

Learn the symptoms of food-borne illness
The most common symptoms of a food-borne illness are vomiting and diarrhea. If you notice these symptoms, call your baby's doctor right away. Food-borne illnesses can be very serious, particularly in babies, leading to dehydration, kidney failure, and even death.

If you have a problem with infant formula, report it immediately
Occasionally infant formula is recalled because of potential contamination, so it's a good idea to keep up with breaking news and product recalls.

If you have a complaint or concern about infant formula, especially if you suspect formula has made your baby sick, call the FDA's MedWatch hotline at (800) 332-1088. Have the formula container handy so you can report essential information such as the manufacturer's name and the product's "use-by" date. You should also notify the formula manufacturer of any problems. Look for a toll-free customer service number on the label.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

Choosing To Formula Feed

I want to formula-feed my baby, but everybody says I should breastfeed. Why?
We can't say enough about the health benefits of breastfeeding. If you and your baby are both healthy and able, you may want to give nursing a try, at least for the first few weeks, so your natural immunities can be passed to your child. Or consider doing both. Many women combine breastfeeding and formula feeding.

That said, formula-feeding with a bottle is a valid, healthy choice for babies, too — either right from the start or after a period of nursing. If you're concerned about your choice, try to separate the medical facts from the political and cultural rhetoric. Remember, the most important thing you can do for your baby is love and nurture her — and that includes feeding her in the way that you choose.

In the real world, there are plenty of reasons women choose formula. Among them are having a baby with a poor sucking reflex (common in premature babies), prolonged mother-infant separation, painful nursing, the fear that your baby isn't getting enough milk, the need to return to work, a health problem that requires medication that shouldn't be passed to the nursing infant, and a desire to involve other family members in the feeding process.

Which brand of formula should I use?
Today's formula products are designed to nutritionally simulate breast milk as closely as possible. While they can't pass along the resistance to infection that mother's milk does, formulas provide ample nourishment for a growing baby. Most formulas are based on cows' milk or soybeans. Any formula you choose should be iron-fortified to prevent anemia. To find out more about choosing the right formula for your baby, see our article and talk to your baby's doctor.

Why can't I just feed my baby cows' milk?
Under no circumstances should you feed your infant cows' milk. Regular milk is not recommended until the first birthday because it doesn't have the proper nutritional elements needed by a growing infant and can trigger digestive trouble.

Find out more about when to transition your child to regular cows' milk and how to make the switch.

What are follow-up formulas and when should I switch to one?
Follow-up formulas are specifically designed for babies 4 to 12 months old who are already eating some solids. Follow-up formulas contain more calcium, iron, protein, and calories than infant formulas. They're often a bit cheaper too. Most doctors encourage parents to introduce solid foods (baby cereal, pureed fruits and vegetables) to their babies at around 6 months rather than have them fill up on formula. But it depends on the individual child. Babies with food allergies, those who are very sensitive to different foods, and those with a history of poor growth may benefit from follow-up formula. Talk to your doctor to find out what's best for your baby.

I'd like to supplement breast milk with formula. How should I do it?
Lactation consultants suggest waiting to introduce a bottle until the baby is 3 to 4 weeks old. By then, breastfeeding is well-established but your baby's not so old as to be too resistant to a new kind of nipple. (Breast and bottle require different types of sucking.) It's best to have someone other than you give the first bottle because the baby will be able to smell you and your milk and may refuse anything except the real McCoy.

If you plan to use formula for occasional feedings, limit bottles to one per 24 hours to avoid slowing your milk production. If you're returning to work soon and plan on having your caregiver give your baby formula while you're away and nursing when you're home, ease into it by replacing one feeding with a bottle every 3 to 4 days.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

Choosing Formula: A Primer

I'm bottle-feeding my baby. Which formula is best?

It's easy to feel overwhelmed in the formula aisle. Choosing the best nourishment for your baby is a pretty weighty decision, and there are lots of choices. When choosing a formula, you'll want to consider the form it comes in (ready-made, concentrate, or powdered), the type of protein it uses (cow's-milk-based formula is the most popular, but there are other options), and what other ingredients are included (such as DHA and iron). Here's what you need to know:

Forms of formula
Formulas come in three basic forms: ready-made, concentrate, and powdered.

Ready-to-use formula is undoubtedly the most convenient — no mixing or measuring required, just open and serve. It's hygienic and especially helpful in circumstances where you might not have access to safe water. It's also a good choice if your baby was born with a very low birth weight or is otherwise immuno-compromised, because it's sterile. But for everyday use, the convenience of ready-to-use formula comes at a price — ready-to-use formula costs about 25 percent more per ounce than powdered formula. The containers also take up more storage space in your cupboard and more space in the landfill, unless you can recycle all of the cans or bottles. Once opened, ready-to-use formula has a short lifespan — it must be used within 48 hours. Also, because it often has a darker color than powdered formula, many moms complain that it's more likely to stain clothes.

Liquid concentrate formula requires you to mix equal parts of water and formula, so read the instructions on the container carefully. Compared to ready-to-use formula, concentrate is less expensive and takes up less storage space. Compared to powdered formula, it's a little easier to prepare but more expensive.

Powdered formula is the most economical choice and the most environmentally friendly. It takes up the least amount of space in transport, in your pantry, and in your trash can. Powdered formula takes more time to prepare than other types of formula, and you must follow the directions exactly, but it has a one-month shelf life after the container has been opened. Besides, you can mix up just the right amount whenever you need it — as much or as little as you want — which is especially helpful if you're a breastfeeding mom who may only need an occasional supplemental bottle for your baby.

Types of formula
There's a formula to suit every baby's needs.

Cow's-milk-based formula: Most formula available today has cow's milk as its main ingredient. The protein in the milk is significantly altered to make it easier to digest, because your baby won't be ready to digest regular cow's milk until after his first birthday.

Soy-based formula: If you're avegan, or if your baby has trouble digesting cow's milk protein, the doctor may suggest a soy-based formula. These are made with a plant protein that, like the protein in cow's milk, is modified for easy digestion by babies. You may also want to talk with your baby's doctor about giving soy-based formula a try if your baby has colic. The evidence isn't conclusive, but some research suggests it's worth a try.

Lactose-free formula: If your baby is lactose-intolerant, or unable to digest lactose, which is the sugar naturally found in milk, his doctor will recommend a lactose-free formula in which the lactose is replaced with a different sugar, such as corn syrup.

Extensively hydrolyzed formula: In these formulas, the protein is broken down into smaller parts that are easier for your baby to digest than larger protein molecules. Your baby may need a hydrolyzed formula if he has allergies or trouble absorbing nutrients. The doctor may also suggest trying a hydrolyzed formula if your baby has colic.

Formulas for premature and low-birth-weight babies: These formulas often contain more calories and protein, as well as a more easily absorbed type of fat called medium-chain triglycerides.

Human milk fortifier: This product is used to enrich the nutrition of breastfed babies who have special needs. Some are designed to be mixed with breast milk, and some can also be fed alternately with breast milk.

Metabolic formulas: If your baby has a disease that requires very specialized nutrition, he may need one of these specially developed formulas.

What's in formula? How do formulas differ?
There are six main ingredients in formula: carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. What makes one brand of formula different from the next is the specific carbohydrate or protein it uses, as well as any additional ingredients it includes. For example, casein and whey are two kinds of cow's milk proteins that are found in various proportions among different brands of cow's-milk-based formula.

It's very easy to get confused by all of the items listed on the ingredient label. Below, we guide you through the maze of ingredients, and compare them to those found in breast milk.

Carbohydrate: Lactose is the main carbohydrate source in breast milk, and it is also the primary carbohydrate source in cow's-milk-based formulas. Corn maltodextrin is sometimes used as a secondary source of carbohydrate. Lactose-free, soy, and special formulas contain one or more of the following carbohydrates: sucrose, corn maltodextrin, modified cornstarch, or corn syrup solids.

Protein: Breast milk contains about 60 percent whey and 40 percent casein. Most formulas have similar protein content. Others contain 100 percent whey. Some studies indicate that whey protein is digested faster than casein, which could be beneficial for babies with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Soy formulas contain soy protein isolate. Some brands use partially hydrolyzed soy protein to encourage easier digestion.

Sometimes the protein in formula is partially hydrolyzed, or broken down. Partially hydrolyzed formulas are not hypoallergenic — don't use one if your baby has a protein allergy, or even if you suspect he may have one. However, partially hydrolyzed whey formulas have been shown in one study to reduce atopic dermatitis, compared to standard cow's-milk formula.

Extensively hydrolyzed formulas contain extensively broken-down casein with additional amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. These formulas are considered hypoallergenic and are used for babies who have a protein allergy.

Fat: Breast milk contains a blend of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fat. Formulas use a variety of oils to match the fat makeup of breast milk. They include soy oil, coconut oil, corn oil, palm or palm olein oil, and high oleic sunflower oil. Although palm and palm-olein oil are widely used, research has shown that these fats can reduce absorption of fat and calcium from formula. In other words, your baby may not absorb as much fat and calcium as he would from a formula that doesn't contain these oils.

Medium-chain triglycerides require less effort to digest and are more easily absorbed. They're used in special formulas for premature infants and for infants who have trouble digesting or absorbing nutrients.

The FDA has approved the addition of two long-chain fatty acids to formula: DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). Both of these substances are found in breast milk when the mother's diet is adequate, and both are important for brain and vision development. Babies get DHA and ARA from their mother during the third trimester, but the transfer is cut short when a baby is born prematurely. All babies need a continuing supply of both substances throughout their first year.

Two studies published in April 2005 support the supplementation of formula with DHA and ARA. One, a report published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, showed that full-term infants fed DHA- and ARA-supplemented formula had significantly better visual acuity than infants who did not receive the supplements. And a study published in The Journal of Pediatrics states that DHA and ARA enhance both cognitive and physical growth in preterm infants.

There aren't any long-term studies confirming the safety of these substances, although there's no evidence suggesting that these additives are harmful to babies, either. Formulas that include DHA and ARA are priced about 15 percent higher than standard formula. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has not taken a position on whether these fatty acids should be added to formula.

Vitamins and minerals: The majority of words on the ingredient label describe vitamins and minerals. These words can be hard to figure out — ferrous sulfate is iron, for example, sodium ascorbate is vitamin C, and calcium pantothenate is a B vitamin.

The AAP recommends that all healthy babies who aren't breastfed exclusively be given iron-fortified formula until they reach their first birthday. It's important that babies receive the minimum recommended amount of iron (4 mg of iron per liter) to prevent iron-deficiency anemia.

Anemia inhibits the blood's ability to circulate oxygen, which all of the body's cells need to function properly. Studies have shown that getting enough iron in the first year of life is important for success in school later on. A baby's iron stores are established in the last trimester, so it's especially important for premature babies to get plenty of iron.

Most formulas contain at least 4 mg of iron per liter, although "low-iron" formulas are still on the shelves. These were developed years ago in response to the misconception that iron causes constipation. The AAP would like these low-iron formulas to be discontinued or labeled as nutritionally inadequate.

Other ingredients Here's where the different brands tweak their formulas to make them stand apart from one another.

Nucleotides: These are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, naturally present in breast milk. They have several functions and may aid in immune system development. Different brands of formula have different amounts of nucleotides added.

Rice starch: Rice starch is added to "anti-regurgitation" formula. Some research shows the pre-thickened formula does result in less spitting up and choking. However, other research indicates there may be the same amount of acid reflux regardless. Ask your baby's doctor before using an "AR" formula to help with your baby's spitting up.

Dietary fiber: Soy fiber is added to soy formula for the temporary treatment of diarrhea. The only formula containing fiber is Isomil DF, which is clinically shown to reduce the duration of diarrhea.

Amino acids: Amino acids such as taurine, methionine, and carnitine are added to soy formulas, and sometimes to cow's-milk formulas, to match the amount of amino acids in breast milk.

"Designer" formula: This formula is unique in that it has a protein ratio similar to breast milk, but the proteins are partially broken down to aid digestion. It also has 25 percent less lactose than regular formula.

Are generic brands nutritionally adequate?
Generic brands of formula must meet requirements from the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for nutrients in formula, so in many instances, the only difference between generic and brand name is the price. Whether you're buying generic or name brand, though, take a minute to look at the label before you purchase the formula. Specific ingredients do vary from brand to brand, and this can make a difference to your baby.

Can I make my own formula?
No. It would be impossible to include all of the ingredients in the right amounts for your baby. Homemade formula could lead to failure to gain weight, malnourishment, or even death.

What about adding cereal or milk to my baby's formula?
Never add vitamins, cereal, fatty acids, olive oil, regular cow's milk, or any other ingredients to your baby's formula unless your doctor recommends it. Formula is a carefully developed substance with precise amounts of dozens of nutrients. Adding anything to formula could jeopardize your baby's health.

Olive oil, for example, can lead to permanent lung damage and even death, because of the danger of inhaling the oil into the lungs when spitting up. Because cow's milk is so hard for babies to digest, never mix cow's milk with formula or give it to your baby straight until he's at least 1 year old. And adding breast milk to formula is a waste of breast milk if your baby doesn't drink the entire bottle.

What if I'm still not sure?
If you've decided to feed your baby formula and you're still baffled by the many options available, or you're considering switching formulas, talk with your baby's doctor. She'll consider your baby's health, age, and nutritional needs and make an appropriate recommendation. She can also monitor your baby's reactions and investigate any symptoms. Don't try to diagnose an allergy or sensitivity on your own. You could miss a serious underlying condition or prevent your baby from getting adequate nutrition.

source from http://www.babycenter.com

Which Formula Suits Your Baby?

Experts agree that breastmilk is the ideal food for your baby during the first year. If you choose to wean, supplement, or formula-feed exclusively, you can feel confident knowing that iron-fortified infant formulas are patterned after breastmilk to provide all the nutrition Baby needs to grow and develop.

Several formula choices are available. To help you decide which formula is best, talk with your baby’s doctor. No matter what formula you choose, rest assured that all iron-fortified formulas provide complete nutrition.

Milk-based formulas
A milk-based formula is made from cow's milk protein with added carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

Not all milk-based formulas are the same. Only NESTLÉ® GOOD START formulas contain gentle 100% whey COMFORT PROTEINS that have been broken down into smaller pieces to be easy to digest. To learn more about COMFORT PROTEINS.

Formula with beneficial cultures
The latest innovation in infant formula is the addition of beneficial cultures BIFIDUS BL to help support Baby’s healthy immune system. Beneficial cultures are found in abundance in the digestive tracts of breastfed babies. Experts believe that this may be one of the reasons breastfed babies are generally so healthy.

GOOD START NATURAL CULTURES is the first and only formula with the added protective benefit of beneficial cultures BIFIDUS BL like those naturally promoted by breastmilk. GOOD START NATURAL CULTURES is specially designed to help bring the balance of cultures in formula-fed babies closer to that of breastfed babies.

Research has shown that these beneficial cultures can help support Baby’s healthy immune system in many ways, including increasing Baby’s levels of key antibodies. And maintaining a healthy immune system helps provide Baby with important natural defenses. GOOD START NATURAL CULTURES also has gentle 100% whey COMFORT PROTEINS, designed to be easy to digest, and DHA & ARA for Baby’s brain and eye development.

Formula with DHA & ARA
Many formulas are enriched with DHA & ARA, nutrients found naturally in breastmilk. These nutrients play an important role in babies' brain and eye development. To learn more about DHA & ARA.

When choosing a milk-based formula for your newborn, consider GOOD START NATURAL CULTURES or GOOD START DHA & ARA. Both formulas provide the combined benefits of DHA & ARA and easy-to-digest COMFORT PROTEINS.

Formulas for other needs
A doctor may recommend alternative types of formula. There are three basic categories of alternative formulas:

• Soy-based formulas are made from soy protein for complete milk-free and lactose-free nutrition. They also are for families who prefer a vegetarian option. If you and your baby’s doctor choose to use a soy-based formula, GOOD START SOY DHA & ARA is an excellent choice. It offers both DHA & ARA for Baby’s brain and eye development, and SUPREME SOY PROTEINS. SUPREME SOY PROTEINS are gentle soy proteins that have been broken down into smaller pieces to be easy to digest—and only GOOD START SOY formulas have them.
• Older-baby and young-toddler formulas are designed to provide extra nutrition insurance for babies and young toddlers transitioning to solid foods. Consider GOOD START 2 DHA & ARA or soy-based GOOD START 2 SOY DHA & ARA. Intended for babies and young toddlers 9 to 24 months old, these formulas are specially designed to be nutritious alternatives to standard infant formulas and whole cow’s milk—especially when there’s a gap between what babies eat and what they need.¹
• Specialty formulas for babies with special health needs. If you believe your baby has special health needs, talk with your baby’s doctor to decide which formula is best.

source from http://www.verybestbaby.com

Breastfeeding VS. Formula Feeding

Choosing whether to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is one of the first decisions expectant parents will make. Although there's no right or wrong choice, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) joins other organizations such as the American Medical Association (AMA), the American Dietetic Association (ADA), and the World Health Organization (WHO) in recommending breastfeeding as the best for babies. Specifically, the AAP says babies should be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months and that breastfeeding should continue until 12 months (and beyond) if both the mother and baby are willing.

But breastfeeding (or nursing) may not be possible or preferable for all women. The decision to breastfeed or formula feed your baby should be based on your comfort level with breastfeeding as well as your lifestyle.

Breast milk is the ideal form of nutrition for newborns, but for mothers who are unable to breastfeed or who decide not to, infant formula is a good alternative. If you feed your baby with a commercially prepared formula, be assured that your baby's nutritional needs will be met. And you'll still bond with your baby just fine. After all, whether with breast milk or formula, feeding is an important time of connection between mother and baby.

The decision to breastfeed or formula feed your baby is a very personal one. But here are some points you may want to consider as you decide which is best for you and your new addition.

Breastfeeding: The Advantages

Nursing can be a wonderful experience for both mother and baby. It provides ideal nourishment and a special bonding experience that many nursing mothers cherish. Below are some of the many benefits of breastfeeding.

Infection-fighting. Antibodies passed from a nursing mother to her baby can help lower the occurrence of many conditions, including:

• diarrhea
• respiratory infections
• meningitis
• ear infections

Other factors help to protect a breastfed baby from infection by contributing to the infant's immune system by increasing the barriers to infection and decreasing the growth of organisms like bacteria and viruses.

Breastfeeding is particularly beneficial for premature babies and may also protect children against:

• allergies
• asthma
• diabetes
• obesity
• sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

As a group, formula-fed infants have more infections and more hospitalizations than do breastfed babies.

Nutrition and ease of digestion. Often called the "perfect food" for a human baby's digestive system, breast milk's components - lactose, protein (whey and casein), and fat - are easily digested by a newborn's immature system.

As a group, formula-fed infants have more difficulty with digestion than do breastfed infants. Breast milk tends to be more easily digested so that breastfed babies have fewer incidences of diarrhea or constipation.

Breast milk also naturally contains all the vitamins and minerals that a newborn requires. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates formula companies to ensure that they provide all the known necessary nutrients in their formulas. Commercial formulas do a pretty good job of trying to duplicate the ingredients in breast milk - and are coming closer - but haven't matched their exact combination and composition. Why? Because some of breast milk's more complex substances are too difficult to manufacture and some have not yet been identified.

Free. Breast milk doesn't cost a cent. And because of the immunities and antibodies passed onto them through their mothers' breast milk, breastfed infants are sick less often than infants who receive formula. For example, researchers have determined that infants who are exclusively breastfed for 4 or more months have 40% fewer episodes of ear infections. That means they make fewer trips to the doctor's office, which equates to fewer co-pays and less money doled out for prescriptions and over-the-counter medications.

Likewise, women who breastfeed are less likely to have to take time off from work to care for their sick babies. In a cost study published in the April 1999 issue of the journal Pediatrics, researchers determined that infants who were never breastfed would incur additional medical costs of $331 to $475 per year.

Different tastes. A nursing mother will need 500 extra calories per day to produce breast milk, which means that she should eat a wide variety of well-balanced foods. This introduces breastfed babies to different tastes through their mothers' breast milk, which has different flavors depending on what their mothers have eaten.

Convenience. With no bottles to mix and sterilize and no last-minute runs to the store for more formula, breast milk is always fresh and available. And because breast milk is always the right temperature, there's no need to warm up bottles in the middle of the night. It's also easy for breastfeeding mothers to be active - and go out and about - with their babies and know that they'll have food available for whenever their little one is hungry.

Obesity prevention. Recent studies indicate that breastfeeding might help prevent childhood and adult obesity. According to the National Women's Health Information Center (part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), babies who are breastfed tend to gain less unnecessary weight, which may help them be less overweight later.

Smarter babies. Recent studies suggest that children who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months have IQs 5 to 10 points higher than children who were formula fed.

"Skin-to-skin" contact. Many nursing mothers really enjoy the experience of bonding so closely with their babies. And the skin-to-skin contact can enhance the emotional connection between mother and infant.

Beneficial for mom, too. The ability to nourish a baby totally can also help a new mother feel confident in her ability to care for her baby. Breastfeeding also burns calories and helps shrink the uterus, so nursing moms may be able to return to their pre-pregnancy shape and weight quicker. In addition, studies show that breastfeeding helps lower the risk of premenopausal breast cancer and also may help decrease the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer.

Breastfeeding: The Challenges

Although it is the best nutritional source for babies, breastfeeding does come with some concerns that many new mothers share. Whereas it's easy from the get-go for some, it can be challenging. Sometimes, both mother and baby need plenty of patience and persistence to get used to the routine of breastfeeding. But all the effort is often worth it in the long run - for both the mother and her baby.

Common concerns of new moms, especially during the first few weeks and months, may include:

Personal comfort. Initially, as with any new skill, many moms feel uncomfortable with breastfeeding. But with adequate education, support, and practice, most moms overcome this. The bottom line is that breastfeeding shouldn't hurt.

Latch-on pain is normal for the first week to 10 days, and should last less than a minute with each feeding. But if breastfeeding hurts throughout feedings, or if the nipples and/or breasts are sore, it's a good idea for breastfeeding mothers to seek the help of a lactation consultant, their doctor, and/or their child's doctor. Many times, it's just a matter of using the proper technique.

Time and frequency of feedings. There's no question that breastfeeding does require a substantial time commitment from mothers. Then again, many things in parenting do. Some women may be concerned that nursing will make it hard for them to work, run errands, or travel because of a breastfeeding schedule or a need to pump breast milk during the day.

And breastfed babies do need to eat more often than babies who are fed formula, because breast milk digests faster than formula. This means Mom may find herself in demand every 2 or 3 hours (maybe more, maybe less) in the first few weeks.

This can be tiring, but once breastfeeding has been established (usually in about a month), other family members may be able to help out by giving the baby pumped breast milk if Mom needs a break or has to get back to work outside the home. And it's not long before babies feed less frequently and sleep through the night (usually around 3 months). Also, with a little organization and time management, it becomes easier to work out a schedule to breastfeed and/or pump.

Limiting caffeine. Caffeine intake should be kept to no more than 300 milligrams (about one to three cups of regular coffee) per day for breastfeeding women because it may cause problems such as restlessness and irritability in some babies. But many women are used to drinking less caffeine anyway because they kept their caffeine consumption to a minimum during pregnancy. Women who enjoy caffeine, however, can still have a little by combining caffeinated and non-caffeinated drinks, and some might find they're satisfied just by trying similar-tasting non-caffeinated beverages.

Maternal medical conditions, medicines, and breast surgery. Medical conditions such as HIV or AIDS or those that involve chemotherapy or treatment with certain medications may make breastfeeding inadvisable. In these cases, a woman should check with her doctor or a lactation consultant if she's unsure if she should breastfeed with a specific condition or while taking medications.

But most moms are able to breastfeed even while on medications. Mothers who've had breast surgery, such as a reduction, may have difficulty with supply if their milk ducts have been severed. In this situation, it's a good idea for a woman to talk to her doctor about her concerns and work with a lactation specialist.

Formula Feeding: The Advantages

Breastfeeding is considered the best nutritional option for babies by the major medical organizations, but not every mother chooses - or is able - to breastfeed. Commercially prepared infant formulas are a nutritious alternative to breast milk and even contain iron.

Manufactured under sterile conditions, commercial formulas attempt to duplicate mother's milk using a complex combination of proteins, sugars, fats, and vitamins that would be virtually impossible to create at home. So, if you don't breastfeed your baby, it's important that you use only a commercially prepared formula and that you do not try to create your own.

In addition to medical concerns that may prevent breastfeeding, here are a few other reasons women may choose to formula feed:

Convenience. Either parent (or another caregiver) can feed the baby a bottle at any time (although this is also true for women who pump their breast milk). This allows the mother to share the feeding duties and helps her partner to feel more involved in the crucial feeding process and the bonding that often comes with it.

Flexibility. Once the bottles are made, a formula-feeding mother can leave her baby with a partner or caregiver and know that her little one's feedings are taken care of. There's no need to pump or to schedule work or other obligations and activities around the baby's feeding schedule. And formula-feeding moms don't need to find a private place to nurse in public. However, if Mom is out and about with baby, she will need to bring supplies for making bottles.

Time and frequency of feedings. Because formula digests slower than breast milk, formula-fed babies usually need to eat less often than do breastfed babies.

Diet. Women who opt to formula feed don't have to worry about the things they eat or drink affecting their babies.

Formula Feeding: The Challenges

As with breastfeeding, there are some challenges to consider when deciding whether to formula feed.

Organization and preparation. Enough formula must be on hand at all times and bottles must be made. The powdered and condensed formulas must be prepared with sterile water (which needs to be boiled until the baby is at least 6 months old) or bottled sterilized baby water. Ready-to-feed formulas that can be poured directly into a bottle without any mixing or water tend to be expensive.

Bottles and nipples need to be sterilized before the first use and then washed before every use after that (this is also true for breastfeeding women who give their babies bottles of pumped breast milk). Bottles and nipples can transmit bacteria if they aren't cleaned properly, as can formula if it isn't stored in sterile containers.

Bottles left out of the refrigerator longer than 1 hour and any formula that a baby doesn't finish must be thrown out. And prepared bottles of formula should be stored in the refrigerator for no longer than 24 to 48 hours (check the formula's label for complete information).

Bottles also may need to be warmed up before feeding the baby, although some babies actually prefer cold bottles to warm. Some parents pop bottles in the microwave for a few seconds; however, the microwave should never be used to warm a baby's bottle because it can create dangerous "hot spots."

Instead, run refrigerated bottles under warm water for a few minutes if the baby prefers a warm bottle to a cold one. Or the baby's bottles can be put in a pan of hot water (away from the heat of the stove) with the temperature tested by squirting a drop or two of formula on the inside of the wrist.

Lack of antibodies. None of the important antibodies found in breast milk is found in manufactured formula, which means that formula doesn't provide the baby with the added protection against infection and illness that breast milk does.

Expense. Formula can be costly. Powdered formula is the least expensive, followed by concentrated, with ready-to-feed being the most expensive. And specialty formulas (i.e., soy and hypoallergenic) cost more - sometimes far more - than the basic formulas. During the first year of life, the cost of basic formula can run about $1,500.

Possibility of producing gas and constipation. Formula-fed babies may have more gas and firmer bowel movements than breastfed babies.

Can't match the complexity of breast milk. Manufactured formulas have yet to duplicate the complexity of breast milk, which changes as the baby's needs change.

A Very Personal Decision
Whatever nutritional option you choose, be sure to talk to your child's doctor about the choices available to help you make the decision that's best for both you and your baby.

source from http://kidshealth.org